Organ Engineering Minnesota Style:
From the Family Farm to the Leading Edge

The Culture of Organs
The title page of Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh's book that describes how to preserve organs and tissues. Carrel is the father of tissue culture technology. [116K]

The Lindbergh organ perfusion pump
Lindbergh and Carrel on the cover of Time magazine, June 13, 1938. Lindbergh honed his engineering skills on the family farm at Little Falls, Minnesota. Copyright © Time Inc. 1938. Reprinted by permission. [512K]

The Bioartificial Liver (BAL)
A modern day successor of the Lindbergh pump, the BAL uses living cells in a perfusion bypass system that serves as a life-saving "bridge" for patients in need of a liver transplant. Frank Cerra and Wei-Shou Hu, University of Minnesota. [148K]

Benjamin Rush
The father of scientific medicine. [132K]

The Alchemist
Searching for the universal cure. [462K]